JURNAL TEKNIK SIPIL CENDEKIA (JTSC)

Application of Machine Learning in Predicting Project Cost Overruns: A Review

Johanis Anggawan — 2026-07-31

Cost overrun is one of the main problems in project management that has a significant impact on the success of construction projects. High project complexity, uncertainty of field conditions, design changes, and external factors such as inflation and supply chain disruptions make predicting cost overruns a challenge that requires a more sophisticated analytical approach than conventional methods. The development of Machine Learning (ML) technology has opened new opportunities to improve the accuracy of project cost predictions through the use of historical data and complex pattern analysis. This study aims to review the development of research related to the application of Machine Learning in predicting project cost overruns, identify the most widely used algorithms, influential predictor variables, and evaluate the advantages and limitations of each approach. The research method is carried out through a systematic literature review of scientific publications indexed by Scopus in the period 2015–2025. The study focuses on various ML algorithms, including Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Decision Tree (DT), Gradient Boosting, and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), which are used in project cost prediction. The study results show that Random Forest and XGBoost to produce higher levels of accuracy than traditional statistical methods or single ML models. This study concludes that Machine Learning has great potential in supporting early warning systems and data-driven decision-making to control the risk of project cost overruns.

Comparative Analysis Of Implementation Plan Costs Between Daily Wages And Contract Wages In Building Construction Projects (Case Study Of Jakarta Islamic Hospital Pondok Kopi)

Dwi Novitasari — 2026-07-31

In this study, researchers reworked the RAB (Budget Plan) that was not previously obtained from the research site. The expected outcome of processing the RAB data is to identify which jobs have the greatest weight and require piecework wages. This is then compared to the RAP. Because of this simple point, errors still occur frequently in some projects, resulting in budget overruns. This daily and piecework wage system often occurs in projects. Therefore, the author wants to conduct an analysis of the comparative cost of the Jakarta Islamic Hospital Development Project Pondok Kopi, between the work analysis according to the Cost Budget Plan based on the results of the survey based on daily wages and the Cost Budget Plan based on the results of the survey based on piecework wages based on the Cost Budget Plan. Differences in wage systems significantly impact project cost efficiency. Daily wages tend to provide workers with income security, but they risk reducing productivity if there is no close supervision. Conversely, piecework wages can increase productivity due to the incentive to complete work more quickly, but they can potentially reduce quality if supervision is suboptimal. This research is relevant to the Jakarta Pondok Kopi project, where challenges such as tropical weather and material availability require an adaptive wage approach.

Analysis Of The Application Of Time Management In Building Projects With Critical Path Method (Cpm) And Earned Value Method (Evm) (Case Study: Jakarta Islamic Hospital Pondok Kopi)

Nabila Maulidanisa — 2026-07-31

This study analyzes the implementation of time management in construction projects using the Critical Path Method (CPM) and Earned Value Method (EVM) methods in the construction project of the Jakarta Islamic Hospital Pondok Kopi. This research is motivated by the importance of time control in project implementation to minimize delays. The methods used include work network analysis using CPM to determine the critical path and duration of the project, as well as time performance analysis using EVM through the parameters of Planned Value (PV), Earned Value (EV), Schedule Variance (SV), and Schedule Performance Index (SPI). The results of the CPM analysis show that the duration of the project completion is 274 days, faster than the duration of the plan on the S curve which is 287 days. However, the results of the EVM analysis show that the project time performance is delayed, which is shown by the Schedule Performance Index (SPI) value of 0.77061 and the Schedule Variance (SV) value of negative. This indicates that the actual progress of the project is lower compared to the plan that has been set. Thus, although the project has the potential to be completed faster in terms of planning based on CPM analysis, the actual conditions on the ground indicate that the project is delayed. Therefore, more optimal control is needed, especially on critical path activities, to improve project time performance.

Utilization Of Fly Ash Waste From PLTU Cirebon As An Alternative Filler Material In Asphalt Concrete - Wearing Course (AC-WC) Mixture

Muhammad Aulia Rayhan — 2026-07-31

The ongoing operation of coal-fired power plants poses an environmental challenge due to the massive accumulation of fly ash. This experimental study evaluates the viability of utilizing industrial waste fly ash from PLTU Cirebon as an alternative filler in Asphalt Concrete - Wearing Course (AC-WC) road pavements. Laboratory specimens were prepared using a standard Marshall design framework with varying fly ash filler concentrations of 0%, 2%, and 4% by weight of the aggregate blend. Volumetric evaluations and structural stability tests were systematically conducted to assess overall mix performance. Empirical results indicate that incorporating fly ash significantly optimizes the internal structure of the asphalt. The reference mix (0% fly ash) exhibited a Marshall stability of 1394.9 kg, which experienced a controlled reduction to 1353.7 kg at 2% substitution and 1166.2 kg at 4% substitution, while remaining well above the minimum standard of 800 kg. Air voids (VIM) decreased consistently from 3.87% to 3.80% and 2.55% for the 0%, 2%, and 4% blends, respectively. Notably, the 4% dosage fell short of the mandatory 3% minimum threshold, introducing a risk of pavement bleeding. Meanwhile, the moisture susceptibility analysis revealed that the 2% fly ash mix achieved an optimal retained stability index of 97.97%, outperforming the control group. Based on a holistic analysis of physical and volumetric performance criteria, a 2% fly ash content is established as the ideal balance, fulfilling all Bina Marga regulatory codes while promoting eco-friendly, circular infrastructure development.

Systematic Literature Review On Pile Cap Design For Multi-Story Buildings Based On Load Combinations

Alifiah Hafizah — 2026-07-31

Construction of multi-storey buildings in Indonesia has grown rapidly, increasing the structural complexity of foundation systems, particularly the pile cap, which distributes axial, lateral, and combined loads from the upper structure to the pile group. Previous studies mostly examined pile cap behaviour through single aspects, such as soil bearing capacity or conventional design methods, while integration of combined load scenarios remains underexplored. This study aims to systematically map the development of pile cap design research for multi-storey buildings based on load combinations. Its novelty lies in combining a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) following the PRISMA protocol with bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer and RStudio (bibliometrix), producing both qualitative synthesis and quantitative visualization of research trends, keyword networks, and collaboration patterns not jointly examined in prior pile cap literature. The method involved a two-stage search in the Scopus database covering 2021–2025, screening 1,326 articles down to 47 final articles for analysis. Results show structural analysis, seismic response, and pile foundations remain dominant themes, while numerical methods such as the Strut-and-Tie Model and Finite Element Method increasingly replace conventional approaches. The journal Buildings emerged as the most productive source, with a notable increase after 2023. Integration of combined loading conditions with pile cap design remains a significant research gap requiring further investigation.

Analysis of the Potential of a Subsurface Dam as a Groundwater Storage System in the Tukad Ketes Alluvial Deposits, Bunutan Village, Karangasem, Bali

Anwar Makmur — 2026-07-31

Bunutan Village, Abang District, Karangasem Regency, East Bali, experiences water shortages during the dry season due to rocky geology, low rainfall, limited groundwater discharge, and increasing domestic, irrigation, and tourism demand. Pumping from coastal alluvial deposits may also increase the risk of seawater intrusion because the freshwater layer is relatively thin. This study assesses the potential of a subsurface dam as a groundwater conservation and storage system in the alluvial deposits of Tukad Ketes. A descriptive-quantitative case study method was applied through geological, hydrogeological, and hydrological analyses, supported by an estimation of groundwater storage capacity. Results indicate that the Tukad Ketes valley contains 30–35 m thick alluvial deposits composed of sand, gravel, cobbles, and boulders, which can function as an underground reservoir. Alluvial permeability ranges from 10?² to 10?? cm/s, while volcanic breccia bedrock acts as a natural impermeable boundary. With a reservoir length of 1,000 m, an effective width of 700 m, a cutoff wall depth of 40 m, and an effective porosity of 10%, the theoretical storage capacity reaches approximately 2.8 million m³. Therefore, a subsurface dam at Tukad Ketes is feasible for further development as a solution for groundwater conservation and raw water supply.

Service Capability In Meeting Irrigation Water Availability At Cengklik Reservoir

Dyah Julia Syifa — 2026-07-31

Cengklik Reservoir, located in Boyolali Regency, is mainly used to supply water for irrigation. However, changes in hydrological conditions and increasing irrigation water demand have created an imbalance between available water and irrigation needs. This study aims to evaluate the reservoir's ability to meet irrigation water demand and assess the performance of the irrigation network. The F.J. Mock method was used to estimate the dependable discharge, which had an average value of 0.338 m³/s. In addition, water from the Watuleter Supplementary Supply was considered as an extra source, providing an average discharge of 0.296 m³/s. The irrigation system serves an area of 1,460 ha with a rice–rice–secondary crop planting pattern, requiring an average irrigation water demand of 1.239 m³/s. The water balance analysis showed a surplus during seven periods, although water deficits still occurred in the remaining periods. The recommended alternative was to change the planting pattern to rice–secondary crop–secondary crop, which increased the number of surplus periods to 16, compared with the existing condition. The irrigation network performance assessment showed a score of 65.55% under existing conditions, while the proposed planting pattern improved the score to 68.93%. Although the performance improved, it still fell into the poor category. Therefore, better operation and maintenance are needed to improve the effectiveness of irrigation services.

Development of Integrated AHP-Topsis Model for Construction Equipment Supplier Assessment

Rigel Pawallo — 2026-07-31

The selection of construction equipment suppliers heavily impacts project quality and supply chain sustainability. The research gap addressed here is that previous studies rarely integrate operational procurement metrics with global sustainability standards. This study fills this gap by developing an integrated AHP-TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making model for PT Gamila Buana Nusantara. Pairwise-comparison data were obtained from 3 experts directly involved in the company's procurement process—specifically a Procurement Manager, a Senior Buyer, and a Supply Chain Specialist — each with 10 years of professional experience, selected through purposive sampling. The AHP method determines priority weights, while TOPSIS ranks alternative suppliers. Results show that quality, price, and delivery are the main criteria. The novelty of this study lies in bridging internal corporate operational evaluation directly with Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 9) frameworks, providing a highly systematic and transparent model. This study contributes to SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) by strengthening resilient infrastructure, value chain management, and process innovation in the construction equipment procurement system.

Factors Influencing Compliance Among Indonesian Construction Service Business Entities: A Systematic Literature Review

Agus Gendroyono — 2026-07-31

Compliance among Construction Service Business Entities (CSBEs) is essential for ensuring the delivery of safe, high-quality, and legally compliant construction projects while strengthening governance within the construction industry. Despite continuous regulatory reforms in Indonesia, maintaining consistent compliance among CSBEs remains a significant challenge due to the interaction of regulatory, organizational, and external factors. This study aims to identify and synthesize the factors influencing the compliance level of Indonesian Construction Service Business Entities through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR). The review followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and systematically searched publications indexed in Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Taylor & Francis Online, Emerald Insight, Google Scholar, Garuda, and SINTA published between 2015 and 2025. A total of 486 records were initially identified. After duplicate removal and eligibility screening, 52 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative synthesis. The selected studies were analyzed using content analysis and thematic synthesis to identify the dominant determinants of organizational compliance. The findings reveal nine principal factors influencing compliance, namely regulatory framework, government supervision and enforcement, human resource competency, organizational capacity, financial capability, information technology adoption, organizational culture, management commitment, and safety and environmental factors. Among these, regulatory quality, government supervision, human resource competency, and management commitment consistently emerged as the most influential determinants reported across the reviewed studies. This review provides a comprehensive conceptual framework that supports policymakers, researchers, and construction industry stakeholders in strengthening compliance strategies, improving governance systems, and enhancing the sustainability and competitiveness of Indonesia's construction sector.

Preliminary Neighborhood-Scale Seismic Vulnerability Profile Of Residential Buildings In A Selected Urban Settlement In Singaraja Bali Using Fema P-154 Rapid Visual Screening

Ni Made Novia Kusumayani — 2026-07-31

Indonesia is highly exposed to seismic hazards; however, pre-earthquake neighborhood-scale assessments of residential seismic vulnerability remain limited, particularly in Indonesian urban settlements. This study aims to develop a preliminary neighborhood-scale seismic vulnerability profile of residential buildings in a selected urban settlement in Singaraja, Bali, using the FEMA P-154 Rapid Visual Screening (RVS) method. A total of 120 permanent residential buildings were selected through purposive sampling and assessed using the Level 1 visual screening procedure. The analysis focused on the distribution of RVS scores, estimated probability of collapse, building characteristics, and visual parameters contributing to seismic vulnerability. The results indicate that the final RVS scores ranged from 0.60 to 1.20, with an average score of 1.13, corresponding to an average estimated probability of collapse of 8%. Besides structural type, pounding potential was identified as the dominant visual characteristic, occurring in 65% of the surveyed buildings, indicating that the spatial configuration of residential development also contributes to neighborhood seismic vulnerability. Unlike conventional building-by-building screening, this study demonstrates the applicability of FEMA P-154 Level 1 for developing a neighborhood-scale seismic vulnerability profile that can support the prioritization of Detailed Seismic Evaluation (DSE) and community-level earthquake risk mitigation planning.

Effect Of Shear Wall Position Variations On The Seismic Response Of Reinforced Concrete Buildings: A Case Study Of Ristia Resort

Putu Didik Sulistiana — 2026-07-31

The arrangement of shear walls plays a fundamental role in controlling the seismic behavior of reinforced concrete buildings by affecting lateral stiffness and structural deformation during earthquake loading. This study investigates the seismic performance of the Ristia Resort reinforced concrete building subjected to three alternative shear wall layouts. Three numerical structural models with identical geometry, material properties, loading conditions, and seismic design parameters were developed, with the shear wall locations defined as the only variable. Seismic performance was evaluated through response spectrum analysis based on SNI 1726:2019. The evaluation considered inter-story drift, story stiffness, and the proportion of design base shear carried by the shear wall system. Among the investigated configurations, Model 1 achieved the best structural performance by reducing the third-floor inter-story drift by 10.69% and 11.19% relative to Models 2 and 3, respectively. It also increased the average X-direction story stiffness by 6.38% and 6.48%, while the shear wall system resisted 66.74% and 71.08% of the design base shear in the X- and Y-directions, respectively. These results demonstrate that a symmetrical shear wall arrangement provides a more efficient lateral load-resisting system and improves the overall seismic performance of reinforced concrete buildings.

A Model For The Development Of Cargo Terminal Infrastructure And Smart Logistics Based On Multimodal Connectivity At Bijb Kertajati

Hafizh Sabda Adhiaska — 2026-07-31

West Java International Airport (BIJB) Kertajati has strategic potential as a regional logistics distribution hub, supported by its connectivity to toll roads, industrial zones, and the Rebana metropolitan development. However, low levels of flight activity and kargo distribution have resulted in suboptimal utilization of the area. This study aims to identify the current state of multimodal logistics infrastructure and analyze the need for smart logistics infrastructure development in the BIJB Kertajati area. This study employs a quantitative-qualitative approach (mixed-methods) using Gap Analysis and SWOT analysis, reinforced by the IFAS-EFAS framework. Research data was collected through field observations, literature reviews, and an analysis of the area’s development policies. The results indicate that the BIJB Kertajati area possesses key strengths, including connectivity via the Cipali and Cisumdawu toll roads, the availability of extensive land, and a strategic location relative to industrial zones and the Port of Cirebon. However, the area still faces limitations, including low kargo activity, suboptimal multimodal integration, and limitations in the digital logistics system. The study produced a logistics infrastructure development model based on a kargo terminal, smart warehouse, digital logistics platform, and green infrastructure to support the efficiency of goods distribution and the sustainability of the area. This study is expected to serve as a reference for the development of airport-based logistics areas in Indonesia.

Comparison Of The Asaoka And Hyperbolic Methods In Coastal Reclamation Settlement Prediction. “A Case Study Of The Patimban Port Project”

Muhamad Taufiq Syaifulloh — 2026-07-31

The land subsidence that occurred in the Patimban Port project was caused by the consolidation process, so it was necessary to improve the subgrade to ensure the safety of the main structure in the future and prevent premature damage such as cracks or even building collapse due to unstable soil. The soil improvement was carried out by applying a preloading load in on top of subgrade to accelerate the consolidation process. The purpose of this study was to determine the comparison of the final settlement using the asaoka and hyperbolic methods. The research method used a quantitative approach with observation in the field through settlement plate installed. Based on the results, of the 8 settlement pipes installed, the largest actual settlement occurred in settlement plate 02, which reached 92 mm within a period of 2 months. Based on the Asaoka method analysis, all settlement pipes have reached the consolidation settlement target of over 90%, so the settlement is considered stable. However, there is a difference with the analysis using the Hyperbolic method, where two pipes have not yet reached the 90% consolidation settlement target on settlement pipe SP 01, which has only reached 66.0%, and SP 02, which has only reached 80.9%. A comparison of the two methods shows that the Asaoka method is stable and simple in determining the final settlement at the end of the construction process, whereas the Hyperbolic method is more responsive to changes in instantaneous data.

Comparative Analysis of Project Completion Forecasting Using Earned Value Management, Earned Schedule, and Program Evaluation and Review Technique

Kevin Ardian Krisanto — 2026-07-31

This study evaluates schedule performance and forecasts the completion time of a restaurant construction project in the PIK 2 area by integrating Earned Value Management (EVM), Earned Schedule (ES), and the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT). Unlike previous studies that apply these methods separately or through pairwise comparisons, this study integrates deterministic performance evaluation and probabilistic schedule forecasting to provide a comprehensive framework for project control. The project was evaluated at week 13 of a planned 37-week duration. EVM produced a Schedule Variance (SV) of ?Rp1,051,310,568 and a Schedule Performance Index (SPI) of 0.774, forecasting completion at week 48. ES generated a Time Variance (SV(t)) of ?4.44 weeks and an SPI(t) of 0.659, projecting completion at week 56. PERT estimated an expected project duration of 122.67 days and forecast completion at week 42 without acceleration and week 40 with acceleration at a 95% confidence level. The findings demonstrate that integrating EVM, ES, and PERT provides complementary insights for monitoring project performance, quantifying schedule uncertainty, and improving completion forecasting.

Analysis of Slope Stability Against River Openings Due to the Influence of Sedimentation at the Tinggar Buntut Water Gate

Lintang Fadhila Putri — 2026-07-31

Sedimentation in river channels may increase lateral earth pressure and reduce slope stability around hydraulic structures. However, studies concerning the effect of sediment accumulation on sheet pile-supported slopes at irrigation structures remain limited. This study evaluates the influence of sedimentation on slope stability at the Tinggar Buntut Water Gate, Kali Sadar River, using the Rankine method and the finite element method. Soil parameters were obtained from BBWS Brantas, while the sediment thickness of 1.5 m was estimated and validated by comparing riverbed elevations derived from Google Earth Pro historical imagery between 2019 and 2025. Soil behavior was simulated using the Mohr–Coulomb model under existing and sedimented conditions. The results show that active earth pressure increased from 74.93 kN/m to 126.62 kN/m, while the safety factor decreased from 1.44 to 0.85. Numerical analysis also indicated that the safety factor decreased from 1.7342 to 1.4420, accompanied by an increase in deformation from 3.40 × 10?³ m to 9.06 × 10?³ m.

Performance Evaluation and Calibration of GPM-IMERG Satellite-Based Rainfall Data in Soligi Village

Bella Koes Paulina Cantik — 2026-07-31

Rainfall is a primary parameter that plays a crucial role in hydrological planning and water resources management. However, several challenges exist in obtaining rainfall data that accurately represent field conditions, including the limited number of rain gauge stations and uneven spatial distribution of data, particularly in developing areas such as Soligi, North Maluku Province. An alternative solution is the use of satellite-based rainfall data such as GPM-IMERG. However, its application in hydrological analysis requires evaluation and calibration to improve its accuracy and reliability. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate and calibrate GPM-IMERG satellite rainfall data against observed rainfall data using statistical parameters: the correlation coefficient (r), bias, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE). The results indicate that the observed rainfall data are consistent based on the RAPS Method. Calibration of satellite rainfall data against observed rainfall data significantly improves rainfall estimation performance compared to uncalibrated satellite data. During the validation stage, the exponential regression model demonstrated the best performance, with the lowest RMSE value of 96.940 mm and the highest NSE value of 0.770. Therefore, the exponential regression model is considered the most representative in describing the relationship between GPM-IMERG satellite rainfall data and observed rainfall data.

Effect of Shear Wall Placement Variations on Seismic Response of Reinforced Concrete Dual-System Buildings

Puspita Rahmasari — 2026-07-31

The seismic performance of reinforced concrete dual-system buildings is highly impacted by the shear wall position, particularly in seismic risk-prone and soft soil regions such as Jakarta, Indonesia. This study examines the influence of shear wall layout diversity on the elastic seismic response of a 15-story reinforced concrete dual-system building. Five structural models were developed in finite-element structural analysis software, consisting of one model without shear walls (N-SW) and four models with identical shear wall areas yet different layouts: diagonal corner (DC-SW), core (C-SW), four-corner (FC-SW), and mid-side (MS-SW). The seismic response was assessed using response spectrum analysis by comparing the fundamental period, modal mass participation ratio, lateral displacement, lateral stiffness, inter-story drift, and internal forces in columns and shear walls. All of the structural models containing shear walls satisfied the dual-system requirements, while the N-SW was not classified as a dual-system structure. All models likewise complied with the inter-story drift limits specified in SNI 1726:2019. Nevertheless, their seismic responses varied depending on the adopted shear wall layout. The core configuration generally exhibited the highest lateral stiffness, the shortest fundamental period, and the lowest lateral displacement. It also reduced the bending moment and shear force demands in the columns. These outcomes indicate that the location of shear walls governs the seismic force transfer and the overall behavior of reinforced concrete dual-system buildings.